I. Regulatory Revolution of FERC 2222 & V2G
I-Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) i-Order 2222, eyenziwe ngo-2020, iguqule indawo yokunikezelwa kwamandla (DER) inxaxheba kwiimarike zombane. Lo mmiselo ubalulekileyo ugunyazisa iMibutho yoThutho loMmandla (RTOs) kunye nabaSebenzi beNkqubo abaZimeleyo (ISOs) ukuba banike ufikelelo kwimarike kwii-DER aggregators, ukudibanisa ngokusesikweni ubuchwepheshe beVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) kwiinkqubo zokurhweba ngombane wehoseyile okokuqala.
- Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-PJM Interconnection, i-aggregators ye-V2G izuze i-$ 32/MWh ingeniso evela kwiinkonzo zokulawula rhoqo ngo-2024, emele i-premium ye-18% kwizixhobo zokuvelisa eziqhelekileyo. Iimpumelelo eziphambili ziquka:Ukususwa koMmandla: Ubuncinane bobungakanani bokuthatha inxaxheba buncitshisiwe ukusuka kwi-2MW ukuya kwi-100kW (isebenza ukuya kuma-80% eqela le-V2G)
- URhwebo lwe-Cross-Node: Ivumela ukutshaja / ukukhupha izicwangciso eziphuculweyo kwiindawo ezininzi zamaxabiso
- UkuBhaliswa kweZazisi ezimbini: Ii-EVs zinokubhalisa njengemithwalo kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa
II. Amacandelo angundoqo oLwabiwo lweNgeniso ye-V2G
1. Ingeniso yeNkonzo yeMakethi
• UkuLawulwa kweeFrequency (FRM): Iiakhawunti ze-55-70% yengeniso ye-V2G iyonke, ifuna ± 0.015Hz ukuchaneka kwiimarike ze-CAISO
• ICapacity Credits: I-NYISO ihlawula i-$45/kW-ngonyaka ngokufumaneka kweV2G
• I-Arbitrage yamandla: Isebenzisa ukwahluka kwamaxabiso exesha lokusebenzisa ($0.28/kWh incopho yentlambo esasazeke kwi-PJM 2024)
2. IiNdlela zokwabiwa kweendleko
3. Izixhobo zokulawula umngcipheko
• Amalungelo oThutho lwezeMali (FTRs): Ukutshixeka kwingeniso yokuxinana
• Izinto eziphuma kwiMozulu: Ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kwebhetri ngexesha lobushushu obugqithisileyo
• I-Blockchain Smart Contracts: Nika amandla ukuhlaliswa kwexesha langempela kwiimarike ze-ERCOT
III. Ucazululo oluthelekisekayo lweeModeli zeNgeniso
Umzekelo 1: Ukwahlula okuFixed
• Imeko: Iziqalisi/abaqhubi beenqanawa
• I-Case Study: Electrify America & Amazon Logistics (85/15 yomsebenzisi/ukwahlulwa komnini)
• Unyino: Ukungakhathali kukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso entengiso
Umzekelo 2: Ukwabiwa okuNgqongileyo
• Ifomula:
Ingeniso yoMnikazi = α×Ixabiso lendawo + β×Intlawulo yoMmandla - γ×Ixabiso lokuthotywa (α=0.65, β=0.3, γ=0.05 umndilili woshishino)• I-advanteji: efunekayo kwinkxaso-mali yenkqubo yeNEVI
Umzekelo 3: Imodeli eSekwe kuLingano
• Izinto ezintsha:
• I-Ford Pro Charging ikhupha izatifikethi zokuthatha inxaxheba kwingeniso
• 0.0015% yobulungisa beprojekthi ngokwe-MWh nganye
IV. Imingeni yokuthotyelwa kunye nezisombululo
1. IiMfuno zokuNgafihli kwiDatha
• Intlanganiso ye-telemetry yexesha lokwenyani imigangatho ye-NERC CIP-014 (≥0.2Hz isampuli)
• Uphicotho lweendlela usebenzisa i-FERC-717 izisombululo zebhloko ezivunyiweyo
2. UThintelo lokuLawula iMarike
• Ii-algorithms zokurhweba ezichasene nokuhlamba ukufumanisa iipateni ezingaqhelekanga
• 200MW imida yesikhundla kwi-aggregator nganye kwi-NYISO
3. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeMvumelwano yoMsebenzisi
• Iwaranti engaqhelekanga yebhetri (>300 imijikelo yonyaka)
• Amalungelo okukhupha anyanzelekileyo ngexesha likaxakeka (ukuthotyelwa korhulumente ngqo)
V. Industry Case Studies
Ityala 1: Iprojekthi yeSithili seSikolo saseCalifornia
• Ulungelelwaniso: Iibhasi zombane ezingama-50 (iLion Electric) ezine-6MWh yokugcina
• Imijelo yeNgeniso:
ο 82% ummiselo we-CAISO frequency
ο 13% inkuthazo ye-SGIP
ο 5% yogcino lwebhili esetyenziswayo
• Ukwahlula: 70% wesithili / 30% umsebenzisi
Ityala le-2: Isityalo saMandla esibonakalayo seTesla 3.0
• Izinto ezintsha:
ο Idibanisa iPowerwall kunye neebhetri zeEV
ο Ugcino olunamandla (7:3 umlinganiselo wekhaya/wemoto)
ο 2024 Ukusebenza: $1,280 ngonyaka/umvuzo womsebenzisi
VI. Iintsingiselo zexesha elizayo kunye neengqikelelo
Ukuzivelela kweMigangatho:
Uphuculo lwe-SAE J3072 (500kW+ ukutshaja ngokuphindwe kabini)
IEEE 1547-2028 iiprothokholi zokucinezelwa kwe-harmonic
Iinguqulelo zoMfuziselo woShishino:
Izaphulelo ze-inshorensi ezisekwe kusetyenziso (Ulingelo oluqhubela phambili)
Ukwenza imali ngekhabhoni (0.15t CO2e/MWh phantsi kweWCI)
Uphuhliso loLawulo:
I-FERC-igunyazwe iziteshi zokuhlalisa i-V2G (kulindelwe ngo-2026)
I-NERC PRC-026-3 isakhelo se-cybersecurity
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-12-2025