Njengoko iimoto zombane (EVs) ziya zixhaphaka ezindleleni zethu, imfuno yezisombululo ezithembekileyo zokutshaja ezindlini iyanda. Ngelixa ingqalelo eninzi ihlawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kukhuseleko lombane kunye nezantya zokutshaja, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ehlala ingahoywa kukubaUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EV. Oku kubhekiselele kumandla omzimba kunye nokuzinza kweyunithi yokutshaja kunye nenkqubo yayo yokunyuka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inokuthwala ngokukhuselekileyo ubunzima bayo kunye nokumelana namandla angaphandle ngexesha. Ukuqonda amandlaUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVayikokuphela kwemveliso ehlala ixesha elide; ngokusisiseko imalunga nokhuseleko lwekhaya nosapho lwakho.
Itshaja ye-EV, xa ifakiwe, iba yinto esisigxina, ephantsi koxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ubunzima betshaja, ukutsalwa kwentambo yokutshaja, iimpembelelo zengozi, okanye imiba yokusingqongileyo. Itshaja eyilwe kakuhle nephezuluukuthwala ubunzimaikhusela imiba efana nokwahlukaniswa, ukonakala kolwakhiwo, okanye ukunxitywa kwangaphambi kwexesha. Imigangatho yeshishini ihlala ifuna ukuba ezi zixhobo zivavanywe ngokungqongqo, ngamanye amaxesha zinyamezele imithwalo ukuya kuthi ga kane ubunzima bazo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide. Esi sikhokelo siya kuphonononga kwiinkcukacha zokuba kutheniUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVimiba, uvavanyo olubandakanyekayo, kunye nento ekufuneka abathengi bayijonge ukuze baqinisekise amava okutshaja akhuselekileyo nathembekileyo ekhaya. Ukubeka phambili amandla kunye nokuzinza kuqinisekisa ukuseta kwakho ukutshaja kwakhelwe ukuhlala kwaye kusebenze ngokukhuselekileyo kwiminyaka ezayo.
Kutheni i-EV yeTshaja yokuThwala ubunzima ibalulekile?
Ukwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza kwezithuthi zombane kuye kwakhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu ekufakweni kwezikhululo zokutshaja, zombini ekhaya nakwiindawo zoluntu. Ezi zixhobo, ngelixa ubukhulu becala zingumbane, zikwayizakhiwo zomzimba ekufuneka zimelane nemikhosi eyahlukeneyo kubo bonke ubomi babo bokusebenza. Umthamo wobunzima bomzimba wetshaja ye-EV yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Iqinisekisa ukuba iyunithi ihlala ixhonywe ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye ilungile ngokwesakhiwo, ithintela iingozi ezinokubakho ezinokuvela kuxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye ubunzima betshaja ngokwayo.
Ukuqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, itshaja ye-EV ibonakaliswe ngaphezu kwemisinga yombane. Ijongene nokutsalwa rhoqo kunye nokutsalwa kwentambo yokutshaja, ukungcangcazela okuvela kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla, kunye namaqhuma ngengozi. Itshaja engonelangaUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVinokothuka ekuphakameni kwayo, yonakele kwisakhiwo, okanye ide iwe, ibeke umngcipheko omkhulu kubasebenzisi, izithuthi, kunye nepropathi. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda kunye nokubeka phambili imfezeko yomzimba yetshaja yakho ye-EV kubaluleke kakhulu njengeenkcukacha zombane. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lomsebenzisi kunye nobomi bemveliso.
I-EV Charger Physical Weight-Bearing Test Standards and Requirements
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuqina kweetshaja ze-EV, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe neyesizwe iseke iiprothokholi ezingqongqo zovavanyo lomthamo wokuthwala ubunzima. Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zihlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba zifike kwimarike.
IMigangatho Jikelele yoShishino
Imibutho ephambili emisela le migangatho iquka:
•IEC (iKomishoni yezoMbane yeHlabathi):Ibonelela ngemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yobuchwepheshe bombane, kubandakanywa ukutshaja kwe-EV.
•UL (Underwriters Laboratories):Inkampani yehlabathi yenzululwazi yokhuseleko eqinisekisa iimveliso zokhuseleko, ngakumbi ezibalaseleyo kuMntla Melika.
•GB/T (Guobiao National Standards):Imigangatho yesizwe yaseTshayina, ebandakanya iimfuno ezithile ze-EV yokutshaja izixhobo.
Le migangatho ihlala imisela ezona mfuno zisezantsi zemfezeko yolwakhiwo, amandla ezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokuchasana noxinzelelo lomzimba olwahlukeneyo. Ukuthotyelwa kwale migangatho luphawu olunamandla lokuthembeka nokhuseleko lwemveliso.
Isishwankathelo seeNdlela zoVavanyo
Iimvavanyo zokuthwala ubunzima ziyilelwe ukulinganisa iimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani kunye neemeko ezigqithisileyo zokuvavanya ukomelela kwetshaja. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zovavanyo ziquka:
•IngatshintshiUvavanyo loKuthwala ubunzima:Oku kulinganisa uxinzelelo lwexesha elide kwitshaja xa inqunyanyisiwe okanye ixhonyiwe. Ubunzima obuzinzileyo, obumiselwe kwangaphambili busetyenziswa kwitshaja kunye neendawo zayo zokuyixhoma kangangexesha elongeziweyo ukujonga ukonakala, ukuqhekeka, okanye ukungaphumeleli. Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa ukuba itshaja inokuthwala ngokukhuselekileyo ubunzima bayo kunye nemikhosi emileyo eyongezelelweyo kubomi bayo.
•UVavanyo loMlayisho oNgqongileyo:Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa amandla ngequbuliso okanye okuphinda-phindayo ukulinganisa iimpembelelo zangaphandle, ukungcangcazela, okanye ukutsalwa ngempazamo kwintambo yokutshaja. Oku kunokubandakanya iimvavanyo zokulahla, iimvavanyo zempembelelo, okanye iimvavanyo zokulayisha umjikelo webhayisekile ukuvavanya ukuba itshaja imelana njani nezothuso zequbuliso okanye uxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo, ukulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe lokwenyani kunye neengozi ezinokubakho.
•UVavanyo lweNdawo yokuNyuka:Oku kuhlola ngokukodwa ukomelela kwamanqaku oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwetshaja kunye nodonga okanye i-pedestal. Ivavanya ukomelela kwezikrufu, iiankile, izibiyeli, kunye nendlu yetshaja apho ezi zibophelelo zincamathele khona. Olu vavanyo lubalulekile kuba itshaja yomelele kuphela njengekhonkco layo elibuthathaka - rhoqo i-hardware yokunyuka kunye nokunyaniseka kwendawo yokunyuka.
Ukubaluleka kwe "4 amaxesha obunzima bawo"
Imfuneko yokumelana "ne-4 ephindwe ubunzima bayo" ngumgangatho wovavanyo olungqongqo. Eli nqanaba lobunjineli obugqithisileyo liqinisekisa umda wokhuseleko ophezulu kakhulu. Kuthetha ukuba itshaja yenzelwe ukusingatha imithwalo engaphaya koko iqhele ukudibana nayo ngexesha lokusebenza kwesiqhelo.
Kutheni oku kubalulekile?
•Ukhuseleko Olugqithisileyo:Inika ingxelo yeemeko ezingalindelekanga, ezifana neempembelelo zengozi, ikhephu elinzima okanye ukufumba komkhenkce (ukuba kulinganiswe ngaphandle), okanye nomntu ongqiyame kwiyunithi.
•Ukuqina kwexesha elide:Iimveliso eziphumelele uvavanyo olunjalo ngokwendalo zomelele ngakumbi kwaye azithandeki ukudinwa okanye ukungaphumeleli kwiminyaka yokusetyenziswa rhoqo.
•Iziphene zoFakelo:Ibonelela ngesithinteli sokungafezeki okuncinci kufakelo okanye ukwahluka kwimathiriyeli eludongeni, iqinisekisa ukuba itshaja ihlala ikhuselekile nokuba iimeko zokuxhoma azifanelekanga kwaphela.
Olu vavanyo lungqongqo lubonisa ukuzibophelela komenzi kumgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzisi, ukubonelela ngoxolo lwengqondo kubathengi.
Izinto ezichaphazela i-EV yeTshaja yoKuthwala ubunzima
ElokugqibelaUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVsisiphumo sezinto ezininzi ezinxibeleleneyo, ukusuka kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuya kuyilo lwesakhiwo sayo kunye nendlela yokufakwa kwayo.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto
Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunqumeni amandla etshaja kunye nokuqina.
•Izinto eziNcinciweyo:
Iiplastiki (iPC/ABS):Ihlala isetyenziselwa ubunzima bokukhanya, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokumelana nemozulu. Iiplastiki zobunjineli ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinokunika amandla amangalisayo kunye nokumelana nefuthe.
Iintsimbi (iAluminiyam ingxubevange, intsimbi engatyiwayo):Ukubonelela ngamandla aphezulu, ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu, kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. Zihlala zisetyenziselwa iitshaja ezinamandla ngakumbi okanye ezilinganiswe ngaphandle.
Ibakala elithile kunye nobukhulu bezi zixhobo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukwazi kwetshaja ukumelana noxinzelelo lomzimba.
•Inkxaso yoLwakhiwo lwangaphakathi:
Isakhelo sangaphakathi, i-chassis, kunye nezibiyeli zokukhwela ngaphakathi kwetshaja zibalulekile. La macandelo, ahlala enziwe ngeeplastiki ezomeleziweyo okanye isinyithi, abonelela ngesiseko sengqibelelo yesakhiwo.
Uyilo kunye nezinto ezixhasayo zangaphakathi ziqinisekisa ukuba ubunzima kunye nayo nayiphi na imikhosi yangaphandle isasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwiyunithi yonke.
Uyilo loLwakhiwo
Ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwezinto, uyilo lwesakhiwo setshaja singundoqo ekusebenzeni kwayo kobunzima.
•UYilo oluNyuswe eludongeni / lwePedestal:
Itshaja ezixhonywe eludongeni:Thembela kakhulu kumandla e-backplate kunye namanqaku okunyusa ukusabalalisa ubunzima eludongeni.
Itshaja ezixhonywe kwiPedestal:Ifuna isiseko esomeleleyo kunye noyilo lwekholamu ukumelana namandla avela macala onke.
Uhlobo ngalunye loyilo lunemingeni ethile yobunjineli yokuqinisekisa ukuzinza.
•Usasazo loxinzelelo lomatshini:
Uyilo olusebenzayo lwesakhiwo lujolise ekusasazeni uxinzelelo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umzimba wetshaja kunye neendawo zokukhwela. Oku kuthintela ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo lwendawo okunokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni okanye ekungaphumelelini.
Iinjineli zisebenzisa ubuchule obunje ngokubamba, iigussets, kunye nobukhulu bezinto eziphuculweyo ukufezekisa oku.
•Amandla eFastener:
Amandla amacandelo okudibanisa, afana nezikrufu, iibholithi zokwandisa, kunye nezibiyeli zokukhwela, zibalulekile.
Izinto, ubungakanani, kunye nodidi lwezi zibophelelo (umzekelo, intsimbi engatyiwayo yokumelana nomhlwa) ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela itshaja encanyathiselwe ngokukhuselekileyo ngayo kwindawo yayo yokunyuselwa.
I-torque efanelekileyo ngexesha lofakelo ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zibophelelo zisebenza njengoko ziyilelwe.
Imekobume yoFakelo kunye neNdlela
Neyona tshaja inamandla inokusilela ukuba ayifakwanga ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo efanelekileyo.
•Udonga/Udidi lweKholam:
Uhlobo lokunyuka komphezulu luchaphazela kakhulu ubunzima bobunzima.
Iindonga zekhonkrithi okanye zezitena:Ukubonelela ngenkxaso ebalaseleyo ngokubanzi.
I-Drywall/iplasterboard:Ifuna iiankile ezithile (umzekelo, iibholiti zokuguqula) okanye ukugxunyekwa kwizikhonkwane zenkxaso eyaneleyo.
Izakhiwo zomthi:Kufuneka izikrufu ezifanelekileyo eziqhutywa kwiplanga eliqinileyo.
Umphezulu wokuxhoma ongafanelekanga unokubeka emngciphekweni nezona zakhono zibalaseleyo zokuthwala ubunzima betshaja.
•Izikhokelo zoFakelo:
Ukuthotyelwa okungqongqo kwincwadana yokufakela imveliso kunye neekhowudi zombane kubaluleke kakhulu. Abavelisi babonelela ngemiyalelo ethile yokunyuswa, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezicetyiswayo zokuqhobosha kunye neepateni. Ukuphambuka kwezi kunokwenza iziqinisekiso zingasebenzi kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kudala iingozi zokhuseleko.
•UFakelo lobuGcisa:
Kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuba iitshaja ze-EV zifakwe ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Iingcali zombane ezineelayisenisi okanye izifakeli eziqinisekisiweyo zinobugcisa bokuvavanya umgangatho wokunyuselwa, ukhethe iziqhoboshi ezifanelekileyo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba itshaja ifakwe ngokukhuselekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo, ihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zobunzima. Amava abo anciphisa iimpazamo zofakelo ezinokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko.
Ukusebenza okuSebenzayo kunye nokuQinisekiswa koVavanyo loKuthwala ubunzima
Inkqubo yokuvavanya ubunzima bomzimba wetshaja ye-EV ibandakanya izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo neziphindaphindwayo.
Izixhobo zovavanyo
Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zibalulekile ekuqhubeni ngokuchanekileyo uvavanyo lobunzima:
•Oomatshini boVavanyo lwe-Tensile:Isetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa imikhosi yokutsala ukuvavanya amandla ezinto kunye namacandelo, ukulinganisa ukuxinana kwiintambo okanye iindawo zokunyuka.
•Oomatshini boVavanyo lokuNxinzelela:Faka amandla okutyhala ukuvavanya ukukwazi kwetshaja ukumelana nemithwalo etyumzayo.
•Abavavanyi bempembelelo:Isetyenziselwa uvavanyo lomthwalo oguqukayo, ukulinganisa ukubetha okanye ukuhla ngequbuliso.
•Iitheyibhile zokungcangcazela:Itshaja ixhomekeke kumaza ohlukeneyo kunye ne-amplitudes ye-vibration ukuvavanya ukomelela kwayo ekushukumeni kwexesha elide.
•Layisha iiseli kunye nezivamvo:Izixhobo ezichanekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla achanekileyo asetyenziswe ngexesha lokuvavanya, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithwalo echaziweyo (umz., amaxesha ama-4 ubunzima betshaja).
Iinkqubo zovavanyo
Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yovavanyo lobunzima ilandela la manyathelo:
1. Ukulungiselela iSampuli:Iyunithi yetshaja ye-EV, kunye ne-hardware yayo yokunyuka echaziweyo, ilungiselelwe ngokwemigangatho yovavanyo.
2.UkuNyusa uSeto:Itshaja igxunyekwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwindawo yovavanyo ephinda-phinda ubume obucetyiweyo bofakelo (umzekelo, icandelo eludongeni elifanisiweyo).
3.Ubunzima beSicelo:Imikhosi isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe okanye ngokuguquguqukayo kwiindawo ezithile kwitshaja, njengendawo yokukhwela, intambo yokungena/iendawo zokuphuma, okanye iqumrhu eliphambili. Kwiimvavanyo ze-static, ukuthwala ubunzima kugcinwa ixesha elichaziweyo. Kuvavanyo oluguqukayo, iimpembelelo okanye iintshukumo ziyasetyenziswa.
4.Ukugcinwa kwedatha:Kulo lonke uvavanyo, abenzi boluvo barekhoda idatha kwi-deformation, uxinzelelo, kunye naziphi na iimpawu zokungaphumeleli.
5. Ukumiselwa kweziphumo:Uvavanyo luthathwa njengoluyimpumelelo ukuba itshaja imelana nobunzima obuchaziweyo ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli kwesakhiwo, ukuguqulwa okubalulekileyo, okanye ukulahlekelwa kokusebenza.
Ukubaluleka kokuphumelela uVavanyo
Ukudlula uvavanyo "lwe-4 ubunzima bayo" lubonisa ukuba imveliso igcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Oku kubonelela abathengi ngenqanaba eliphezulu lesiqinisekiso sokhuseleko. Kuthetha ukuba umenzi uye ngaphaya nangaphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba itshaja yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingaphathanga nje ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kodwa kunye noxinzelelo olungalindelekanga, ukunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwemveliso kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nazo.
Iziqinisekiso kunye nokuMakisha
Iimveliso eziphumelele ngempumelelo iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo zobunzima zihlala zifumana izatifikethi ezithile kunye neempawu ezivela kwimibutho yovavanyo. Oku kunokubandakanya:
•Uluhlu lweUL/Uqinisekisiweyo:Ibonisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-UL.
•Uphawu lweCE:Kwiimveliso ezithengiswa ngaphakathi kwiNdawo yoQoqosho yaseYurophu, ebonisa ukuhambelana nempilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nemigangatho yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo.
•TÜV SÜD okanye amanqaku e-intertek:Amanye amaqumrhu ovavanyo azimeleyo kunye neziqinisekiso.
La manqaku asebenza njengesiqinisekiso esibonakalayo kubathengi sokuba imveliso iye yavavanywa ngokuqatha kwaye iyahlangabezana nemigaqo yokhuseleko olusekiweyo kunye nokusebenza, ngaloo ndlela isakha ukuthembana nokuzithemba kumgangatho kunye nokuqina kwemveliso.
Indlela yokukhetha itshaja ye-EV enobunzima obulungileyo
Ukukhetha itshaja ye-EV eyomeleleyoukuthwala ubunzimalubalulekile kukhuseleko lwexesha elide kunye noxolo lwengqondo. Nantsi into omawuyijonge:
•Jonga iNgcaciso zeMveliso:Soloko ufunda iinkcukacha zobugcisa zemveliso kunye nencwadana yokufakela. Jonga ukukhankanywa okucacileyo kwamandla okuthwala ubunzima, amabakala ezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nezixhobo ezicetyiswayo zokunyuswa. Abanye abavelisi banokubonelela ngeengxelo zovavanyo okanye iziqinisekiso kwiiwebhusayithi zabo. Ukungabikho kolwazi olunjalo kunokuba yiflegi ebomvu.
•Gxininisa kudumo lweBrand:Khetha iimveliso kwiimpawu ezithembekileyo ezinerekhodi eqinisekisiweyo kwishishini lokutshaja i-EV. Abavelisi abamiselweyo bakholisa ukubambelela kwiinkqubo ezingqongqo zolawulo lomgangatho kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo. Uphononongo lwe-Intanethi kunye namabhaso oshishino nawo anokubonelela ngemibono ngokuthembeka kwebrendi.
•Nxibelelana neeNgcali:Phambi kokuthenga kunye nokufakela, qhagamshelana neengcali zombane ezinamava okanye ababoneleli ngenkonzo yokufakela itshaja ye-EV. Banokuvavanya indawo yakho yokufakela ethile, bacebise iimodeli ezifanelekileyo zetshaja ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zabo zomzimba kunye nohlobo lodonga lwakho, kwaye banike iingcebiso zeengcali ekuqinisekiseni ukuthwala ubunzima obufanelekileyo. Ubuchule babo bunokuthintela iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi kwaye buqinisekise ukhuseleko.
•Jonga uMgangatho woFakelo:Emva kofakelo, yenza uhlolo lwangaphambili lokuqina kokunyuka. Ngobunono zama ukususa itshaja ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivakala ibotshelelwe ngokukhuselekileyo eludongeni okanye kwisiseko. Ngelixa oku kungeyondawo yokuhlolwa kobuchwephesha, kunokunceda ukuchonga nakuphi na ukukhululeka kwangoko. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke izikrufu ezibonakalayo ziqinisiwe kwaye iyunithi ihlala igungxulwa kumphezulu wokunyuka.
Ukuthwala ubunzima siSalathisi esiPhambili soMgangatho weTshaja ye-EV
EyomzimbaUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVngowona mba ubalulekileyo womgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lwetshaja ye-EV. Idlulela ngaphaya kokusebenza kombane nje, ijongana nentembeko yesakhiwo kunye nokuqina okufunekayo kwisixhobo esiya kuhlala sisisigxina kwikhaya lakho iminyaka emininzi.
Ukhuseleko ngundoqo walo naluphi na ufakelo lombane, kwaye amandla okuthwala ubunzima yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kokhuseleko lwetshaja ye-EV. Itshaja enokumelana noxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lomzimba inciphisa umngcipheko weengozi, umonakalo wepropathi, kunye nokwenzakala komntu.
Ngaphaya koko, ukuthwala ubunzima obuphezulu ngokwemvelo kuguqulela ukuqina okukhulu kunye nokuthembeka. Iimveliso eziyilelwe kwaye zivavanyelwe ukumelana namandla agqithisileyo ziyakwazi ukunyamezela ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye neempembelelo ezingalindelekanga, ziqinisekisa ixesha elide lokusebenza kunye nokusebenza okungaguqukiyo.
Ukujonga phambili, njengoko itekhnoloji yokutshaja iqhubeka nokuvela kunye neemfuno zabasebenzisi zokhuseleko kunye nokwanda okulula, uyilo lobunzima bomzimba kunye novavanyo lweetshaja ze-EV ziya kusulungekiswa ngakumbi kwaye zibe nobukrelekrele.Linkpoweriya kuqhubeka nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, ubunjineli bolwakhiwo, kunye nezisombululo zofakelo olukrelekrele ukubonelela ngamava okutshaja ahlala ekhuselekile kwaye omelele ngakumbi. Ukubeka phambiliUkuthwala ubunzima betshaja ye-EVayisiyomfuneko nje yobugcisa; kukuzibophelela kuxolo lwengqondo kuye wonke umnini we-EV.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-04-2025