Xa abantu bethetha ngezithuthi zombane (EVs), incoko ihlala ijikeleza kuluhlu, ukukhawuleza, kunye nesantya sokutshaja. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwalo msebenzi umangalisayo, icandelo elizolileyo kodwa elibalulekileyo lisebenza nzima: iInkqubo yoLawulo lwebhetri ye-EV (BMS).
Unokucinga nge-BMS "njengomgcini webhetri" okhutheleyo. Ayigcini nje ukubeka iliso kwibhetri "yobushushu" kunye ne "stamina" (voltage) kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba ilungu ngalinye leqela (iiseli) lisebenza ngokuvisisana. Njengoko ingxelo evela kwiSebe lezaMandla lase-US ibalaselisa, "ulawulo oluphezulu lwebhetri lubalulekile ekuqhubeleni phambili ukwamkelwa kwezithuthi zombane."¹
Siza kukuthatha ungene nzulu kweli qhawe lingadumanga. Siza kuqala ngondoqo owulawulayo-iintlobo zebhetri-emva koko siye kwimisebenzi yayo engundoqo, ubugcisa bayo obufana nobuchopho, kwaye ekugqibeleni sijonge kwikamva eliqhutywa yi-AI kunye neteknoloji engenazingcingo.
1: Ukuqonda "Intliziyo" ye-BMS: Iintlobo zebhetri ye-EV
Uyilo lwe-BMS luqhagamshelwe ngaphakathi kuhlobo lwebhetri eyilawulayo. Ukuqulunqwa kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kufuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Ukuqonda ezi bhetri linyathelo lokuqala lokubamba ukuntsonkotha koyilo lweBMS.
Iibhetri ze-EV eziPhambili kunye nekamva-Trend: Ukujonga ngokuthelekisayo
| Uhlobo Lwebhetri | Iimpawu eziphambili | Iingenelo | Iingxaki | UkuGqalisela kuLawulo lwe-BMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ILithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | Indleko-esebenzayo, ikhuselekile kakhulu, ubomi bomjikelo omde. | Uzinzo oluhle kakhulu lwe-thermal, umngcipheko ophantsi wokubaleka kwe-thermal. Ubomi bomjikelo bungagqitha kwimijikelo engama-3000. Iindleko eziphantsi, akukho cobalt. | Ukuxinana kwamandla asezantsi. Ukusebenza kakubi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.Kunzima ukuqikelela iSOC. | Uqikelelo lweSOC oluchanekileyo: Ifuna i-algorithms entsonkothileyo yokuphatha ijika lombane elicaba.Ukushisa okuphantsi kobushushu: Ifuna inkqubo enamandla edibeneyo yokufudumeza ibhetri. |
| I-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC/NCA) | Ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu, uluhlu olude lokuqhuba. | Uxinzelelo lwamandla oluphambili kuluhlu olude. Ukusebenza ngcono kwimozulu ebandayo. | Ukuzinza okuphantsi kwe-thermal. Ixabiso elithe kratya ngenxa yecobalt kunye nenickel.Ubomi bomjikelezo bufutshane kune-LFP. | Ukubeka iliso kukhuseleko olusebenzayo: Ukujongwa kwinqanaba le-Milisecond ye-voltage yeseli kunye nobushushu.Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo okunamandla: Igcina ukuhambelana phakathi kweeseli zoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu.Ulungelelwaniso lolawulo lwe-thermal. |
| Ibhetri yeState-Solid | Isebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinileyo, ebonwa njengesizukulwana esilandelayo. | Ukhuseleko lokugqibela: Isusa ngokusisiseko umngcipheko womlilo wokuvuza kwe-electrolyte.Ubuninzi bamandla obuphezulu: Ithiyori ukuya kuthi ga kwi-500 Wh / kg.Uluhlu olubanzi lobushushu bokusebenza. | Itekhnoloji ayikavuthwa; ixabiso eliphezulu.Imingeni enokumelana nojongano kunye nobomi bomjikelezo. | Itekhnoloji entsha yokuziva: Kunokufuneka ukuba kujongwe ubungakanani obutsha bomzimba njengoxinzelelo.Uqikelelo lwemeko yojongano: Ukubeka iliso kwimpilo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwe-electrolyte kunye ne-electrode. |
2: Imisebenzi enguNdoqo ye-BMS: Yenza Ntoni Ngokwenene?
I-BMS esebenza ngokupheleleyo ifana nengcali enetalente ezininzi, ngaxeshanye idlala indima yomgcini-zincwadi, ugqirha, kunye nomlindi. Umsebenzi wayo unokwahlulwa ube yimisebenzi emine engundoqo.
1. Uqikelelo lukaRhulumente: "I-Fuel Gauge" kunye "neNgxelo yezeMpilo"
•IState of Charge (SOC):Yile nto abasebenzisi abakhathalela ngayo kakhulu: "Ingakanani ibhetri eseleyo?" Uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwe-SOC luthintela ukuxhalaba koluhlu. Kwiibhetri ezifana ne-LFP enejiko lamandla ombane asicaba, ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo i-SOC ngumceli mngeni wezobugcisa okumgangatho wehlabathi, ofuna i-algorithms entsonkothileyo njengesihluzo se-Kalman.
•Imeko yezeMpilo (SOH):Oku kuvavanya "impilo" yebhetri xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elitsha kwaye yinto ephambili ekunqumeni ixabiso le-EV esetyenzisiweyo. Ibhetri ene-80% SOH ithetha ukuba umthamo wayo ophezulu yi-80% kuphela yebhetri entsha.
2. Ukulinganisa iSeli: UbuGcisa boMsebenzi weQela
Ipakethi yebhetri yenziwe ngamakhulu okanye amawaka eeseli eziqhagamshelwe kuthotho kunye nokuhambelana. Ngenxa yomahluko omncinci wokuvelisa, intlawulo yabo kunye namaxabiso okukhutshwa aya kwahluka kancinci. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa, iseli eneyona ntlawulo isezantsi iya kumisela isiphelo sepakethi yokukhupha, ngelixa iseli enexabiso eliphezulu iya kugqiba indawo yokutshaja.
•Ulungelelwaniso lokwenziwayo:Utshisa amandla agqithisileyo asuka kwiiseli ezihlawuliswa kakhulu usebenzisa isixhasi. Ilula kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kodwa ivelisa ubushushu kwaye ichithe amandla.
•Ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo:Udlulisa amandla ukusuka kwiiseli ezihlawuliswa kakhulu ukuya kwiiseli ezinexabiso eliphantsi. Isebenza kakuhle kwaye inokonyusa uluhlu olusebenzisekayo kodwa intsonkothile kwaye iyabiza. Uphando oluvela kwi-SAE International lucebisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo lunokunyusa umthamo osebenzisekayo wepakethi malunga ne-10%⁶.
3. Ukhuseleko loKhuseleko: "Umgcini" ophaphileyo
Olu lolona xanduva lubalulekileyo lwe-BMS. Ihlala ibeka iliso kwiiparamitha zebhetri ngokusebenzisa izinzwa.
•I-Over-Voltage/Under-Voltage Protection:Ikhusela ukutshaja okanye ukukhupha ngaphezulu, abona nobangela baphambili bomonakalo osisigxina webhetri.
Ukhuseleko lwangoku:Ukusika ngokukhawuleza isekethe ngexesha leziganeko zangoku ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana nesekethe emfutshane.
•UKhuseleko loBubushushu obuPheleleyo:Iibhetri zinochuku kakhulu kubushushu. I-BMS ijonga ubushushu, inciphisa amandla ukuba iphezulu kakhulu okanye iphantsi, kwaye ivula iinkqubo zokufudumeza okanye zokupholisa. Ukuthintela ukubaleka kwe-thermal yeyona nto iphambili kuyo, nto leyo ibalulekile kulwazi olubanziUyilo lweSikhululo sokuTjaja se-EV.
3.Ingqondo ye-BMS: Yenziwe Njani?
Ukukhetha i-architecture ye-BMS efanelekileyo lurhwebo phakathi kweendleko, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuguquguquka.
I-BMS Architecture Uthelekiso: Centralized vs. Distributed vs. Modular
| Uyilo lwezakhiwo | Ulwakhiwo kunye neempawu | Iingenelo | Iingxaki | Ababoneleli abaMele / iTekhnoloji |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ibekwe kwindawo enye | Zonke iingcingo zokuva iiseli ziqhagamshela ngokuthe ngqo kumlawuli omnye osembindini. | Ixabiso eliphantsi Isakhiwo esilula | Inqaku elinye lokungaphumeleli Iingcingo ezintsonkothileyo, zinzima Ukukhula kakubi | Izixhobo zaseTexas (TI), Infineonzinika izisombululo zetshiphu enye ezidityanisiweyo kakhulu. |
| Kusasazwe | Imodyuli nganye yebhetri inomlawuli wayo wekhoboka onika ingxelo kumlawuli oyintloko. | Ukuthembeka okuphezulu Strong scalability Easy ukugcina | Iindleko eziphezulu Ubunzima beNkqubo | Izixhobo ze-Analog (ADI)'s wireless BMS (wBMS) yinkokeli kulo mmandla.NXPikwabonelela ngezisombululo ezomeleleyo. |
| Imodyuli | Indlela edibeneyo phakathi kwezinye ezimbini, ukulinganisa iindleko kunye nokusebenza. | Ulungelelwano olulungileyo Uyilo oluguquguqukayo | Akukho phawu lubalaseleyo; umndilili kuyo yonke imiba. | Inqanaba 1 ababoneleli abafanaMarellikwayePrehnikeza izisombululo ezinjalo zesiko. |
A ulwakhiwo olusasaziweyo, ngakumbi i-BMS engenazintambo (i-wBMS), iba yindlela yoshishino. Isusa iingcingo zonxibelelwano ezintsonkothileyo phakathi kwabalawuli, ezinganciphisi kuphela ubunzima kunye neendleko kodwa zikwabonelela ngokuguquguquka okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kuyilo lwebhetri kunye nokwenza lula ukudityaniswaIsiXhobo soMbane weSithuthi soMbane (EVSE).
4: Ikamva le-BMS: Iindlela zeTekhnoloji yesiZukulwana esilandelayo
Itekhnoloji ye-BMS ikude nesiphelo sayo; iyaphuhla ukuze ibe krelekrele kwaye inxibelelene ngakumbi.
•I-AI kunye nokuFunda koomatshini:I-BMS yexesha elizayo ayisayi kuphinda ixhomekeke kwiimodeli zemathematika ezizinzileyo. Endaweni yoko, baya kusebenzisa i-AI kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukuhlalutya izixa ezikhulu zedatha yembali ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi i-SOH kunye nokuHlala kuBomi obuSebenzisayo (i-RUL), kwaye banike izilumkiso zakwangoko malunga neempazamo⁹.
•I-BMS eQhagamshelwe ngamafu:Ngokufaka idatha kwilifu, kuyenzeka ukuba ufezekise ukujonga okude kunye nokuxilongwa kweebhetri zezithuthi kwihlabathi liphela. Oku akuvumeli kuphela uhlaziyo lwe-Over-the-Air (OTA) kwi-algorithm ye-BMS kodwa ikwabonelela ngedatha exabisekileyo yophando lwebhetri yesizukulwana esilandelayo. Le ngcamango yesithuthi ukuya kwifu ikwabeka isisekov2g(Imoto-ukuya-kwiGridi)iteknoloji.
•Ukuziqhelanisa neTekhnoloji yeBattery eNtsha:Nokuba ziibhetri zelizwe okanyeUkuqukuqela kwebhetri kunye neLDES Core Technologies, obu bugcisa buvelayo buya kufuna iindlela ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zolawulo lwe-BMS kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuva.
Uluhlu loYilo lweNjineli
Kwiinjineli ezithatha inxaxheba kuyilo okanye kukhetho lweBMS, la manqaku alandelayo yingqwalasela ephambili:
•INqanaba loKhuseleko oluSebenzayo (ASIL):Ngaba iyahambelana neISO 26262umgangatho? Kwicandelo elibalulekileyo lokhuseleko njenge-BMS, i-ASIL-C okanye i-ASIL-D idla ngokufuneka¹⁰.
•IiMfuno eziChanekile:Ukuchaneka komlinganiselo wombane, okwangoku, kunye nobushushu buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka koqikelelo lweSOC/SOH.
•Imigaqo yoNxibelelwano:Ngaba iyayixhasa imigaqo yebhasi yemoto efana ne-CAN kunye ne-LIN, kwaye iyahambelana neemfuno zonxibelelwanoImiGangatho yokuTshaja ye-EV?
•Isakhono sokulungelelanisa:Ngaba iyasebenza okanye isenza ulungelelwaniso? Yintoni i-balance current? Ngaba iyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo lwepakethi yebhetri?
•Ubungakanani:Ngaba isisombululo sinokulungelelaniswa ngokulula kwiiplatifti zebhetri zepakethi ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ombane?
UBuchule obuguqukayo beSithuthi soMbane
IInkqubo yoLawulo lwebhetri ye-EV (BMS)liqhekeza eliyimfuneko lephazili yetekhnoloji yemoto yombane yanamhlanje. Iye yavela kwi-monitor elula ibe yinkqubo edibeneyo edibeneyo edibanisa ukuva, ukubala, ukulawula, kunye nonxibelelwano.
Njengoko itekhnoloji yebhetri ngokwayo kunye neendawo ezinqamlezileyo njenge-AI kunye nonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo luqhubeka nokuhambela phambili, i-BMS iya kuba nobukrelekrele ngakumbi, ithembekile, kwaye isebenze kakuhle. Ayingomlindi wokhuseleko lwezithuthi kuphela kodwa ikwasisitshixo sokuvula amandla apheleleyo eebhetri kunye nokwenza ikamva lothutho oluzinzileyo.
FAQ
Q: Yintoni iNkqubo yoLawulo lwebhetri ye-EV?
A: An Inkqubo yoLawulo lwebhetri ye-EV (BMS)"yingqondo ye-elektroniki" kunye "nomgcini" wepakethi yebhetri yesithuthi sombane. Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yehardware kunye nesoftware ehlala ibeka iliso kwaye ilawula iseli nganye yebhetri, iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri isebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko.
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi imisebenzi ephambili ye-BMS?
A:Imisebenzi engundoqo ye-BMS ibandakanya: 1)State Uqikelelo: Ukubala ngokuchanekileyo intlawulo eseleyo yebhetri (iState of Charge - SOC) kunye nempilo yayo yonke (iState of Health - SOH). 2)Ukulinganisa iSeli: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiseli ezikwipakethi zinenqanaba lentlawulo elifanayo lokuthintela iiseli ezizimeleyo ukuba zingahlawuliswa kakhulu okanye zikhutshwe kakhulu. 3)Ukhuseleko loKhuseleko: Ukusika isekethe kwimeko ye-voltage engaphezulu, i-under-voltage, i-over-current, okanye i-over-temperature iimeko zokuthintela iziganeko ezinobungozi ezifana nokubaleka kwe-thermal.
Umbuzo: Kutheni iBMS ibaluleke kangaka?
A:I-BMS imisela ngokuthe ngqo isithuthi sombaneukhuseleko, uluhlu, kunye nobomi bebhetri. Ngaphandle kwe-BMS, ipakethe yebhetri ebiza imali eninzi inokonakaliswa kukungalingani kweeseli kwisithuba seenyanga okanye nokubamba umlilo. I-BMS ephambili lilitye lembombo lokufikelela kuluhlu olude, ubomi obude, kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-18-2025