Inguqu yehlabathi jikelele ukuya kwizithuthi zombane (EVs) ifumene umfutho obonakalayo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Njengoko oorhulumente betyhala izisombululo zezothutho eziluhlaza kwaye abathengi baya besamkela iimoto ezilungele indalo, imfuno yeIitshaja ze-EV zentengisoiye yanda. Ukufakelwa kombane kwezothutho akusengomkhwa kodwa kuyimfuneko, kwaye amashishini anethuba elilodwa lokuthatha inxaxheba kolu tshintsho ngokunikezela ngeziseko ezithembekileyo zokutshaja.
Ngo-2023, kwaqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-10 yezigidi zeemoto zombane ezindleleni kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye eli nani kuqikelelwa ukuba liya kuqhubeka nokunyuka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuxhasa olu tshintsho, ukwandiswa kweizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhweboibalulekile. Ezi zikhululo azibalulekanga kuphela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abanini be-EV banokubiza izithuthi zabo kodwa nokudala uthungelwano oluqinileyo, olufikelelekayo, noluzinzileyo lokutshaja oluququzelela ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezithuthi zombane. Nokuba kuse-aisikhululo sokutshaja sorhwebokwindawo yokuthenga okanye kwisakhiwo seofisi, iitshaja ze-EV ngoku kufuneka zibe nazo kumashishini ajonge ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi banamhlanje abakhathalela indalo.
Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kubonelela ngokujonga nzuluIitshaja ze-EV zentengiso, ukunceda amashishini aqonde iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeetshaja ezikhoyo, indlela yokukhetha izitishi ezifanelekileyo, apho zifakwe khona, kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nazo. Siza kuphonononga inkuthazo karhulumente kunye neengqwalasela zolondolozo ukuze sincede abanini bamashishini benze izigqibo ezizizo xa befakaizikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV.
1. Zeziphi ezona ndawo ziFakeleyo zokuFakela isiKhululo sokuTshaja se-EV?
Impumelelo yeItshaja ye-EV yorhweboukufakela kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo yalo. Ukufaka izikhululo zokutshaja kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kunye ne-ROI. Amashishini kufuneka avavanye ngocoselelo ipropathi yawo, indlela yokuziphatha yabathengi, kunye neepatheni zendlela yokujonga indawo yokufakaizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhwebo.
1.1 IZithili zoRhwebo kunye namaZiko okuThengisa
Izithili zorhwebokwayeiindawo zokuthengaziphakathi kwezona ndawo zifanelekileyoizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhwebo. Ezi ndawo zinetrafikhi zitsala uthotho lweendwendwe ezinokuthi zichithe ixesha elibalulekileyo kule ndawo-zibenza babe ngabaviwa abafanelekileyo bokutshaja i-EV.
Abanini be-EV bayakuthakazelela ngokulula ukubiza iimoto zabo ngelixa bethenga, besitya, okanye besenza imisebenzi.Izikhululo zokutshaja iimoto zorhwebokwezi ndawo zinika amashishini ithuba elihle lokuzahlula kubakhuphisana. Abapheleli nje ekutsaleni abathengi abaqaphela indalo, kodwa bancedisa amashishini ukwakha iziqinisekiso zabo zokuzinza. Ukongeza, izitishi zokutshaja ngaphakathiindawo yokutshaja imoto yombane yorhwebo ufakelokumaziko okuthenga unokuvelisa ingeniso eyongezelelweyo ngokusebenzisa imifuziselo yokuhlawula-nganye okanye iinkqubo zobulungu.
1.2 Iindawo zokusebenza
Ngenani elikhulayo leabanini beemoto zombane, Ukubonelela ngezisombululo zokuhlawuliswa kwe-EV kwiindawo zokusebenza linyathelo lobuchule kumashishini ajonge ukutsala kunye nokugcina italente. Abasebenzi abaqhuba izithuthi zombane baya kuzuza ngokuba nofikeleloiitshaja zemoto yombane yorhwebongeeyure zokusebenza, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokuba baxhomekeke ekuhlawuleni ekhaya.
Kumashishini,Ufakelo lwetshaja ye-EV yorhweboemsebenzini kunokomeleza kakhulu ukwaneliseka kwabasebenzi kunye nokunyaniseka, ngelixa ikwanegalelo kwiinjongo zozinzo lwequmrhu. Yindlela yokucinga phambili yokubonisa abasebenzi ukuba inkampani ixhasa inguqu kumandla acocekileyo.
1.3 IZakhiwo zezindlu
Njengoko abantu abaninzi betshintshela kwiimoto zombane, izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezindlu ezininzi zeentsapho ziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulayo lokubonelela ngezisombululo zokuhlawulisa kubahlali bazo. Ngokungafaniyo neentsapho ezingatshatanga, abahlali bezindlu zokuhlala abanako ukufikelela kwintlawulo yasekhaya, ukwenzaIitshaja ze-EV zentengisointo efunekayo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala zanamhlanje.
Ukubonelelaindawo yokutshaja imoto yombane yorhwebo ufakelokwizakhiwo zokuhlala zingenza iipropati zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubaqashi abanokubakho, ngakumbi abo bangabanini okanye baceba ukuthenga isithuthi sombane. Kwezinye iimeko, inokunyusa amaxabiso epropathi, njengoko abahlali abaninzi beya kubeka phambili amakhaya aneziseko zokutshaja ze-EV.
1.4 IiNdawo zeeNkonzo zeNgingqi
Iindawo zenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, ezifana nezikhululo zerhasi, iivenkile eziluncedo, kunye neendawo zokutyela, ziindawo ezintle zokuizikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV. Ezi ndawo zihlala zibona umthamo omkhulu wezithuthi, kwaye abanini be-EV banokubiza izithuthi zabo ngelixa bemisa amafutha, ukutya, okanye iinkonzo ezikhawulezayo.
Ngokudibanisaizikhululo zokutshaja iimoto zorhwebokwiindawo zeenkonzo zasekhaya, amashishini anokubonelela abaphulaphuli ababanzi kwaye aguqule imithombo yabo yengeniso. Iziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja ziya zisiba yimfuneko ngakumbi kuluntu, ngakumbi njengoko abantu abaninzi bexhomekeke kwiimoto zombane ukuhamba umgama omde.
2. Zikhethwa njani izitishi zokuTshaja iZithuthi zoMbane zoRhwebo?
Xa ukhetha iItshaja ye-EV yorhwebo, izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitishi sihlangabezana neemfuno zeshishini kunye nezo zabasebenzisi be-EV. Ukuqonda iintlobo zezikhululo zokutshaja kunye neempawu zazo ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile ukwenza isigqibo esinolwazi.
2.1 Izitishi zokuTjaja zeNqanaba loku-1
Izitishi zokutshaja zeNqanaba loku-1zezona zilula kwaye zingabizi kakhulu ukhetho lweiitshaja zemoto yombane yorhwebo. Ezi tshaja zisebenzisa i-120V yendlu eqhelekileyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibiza i-EV ngesantya se-2-5 yeemayile zoluhlu ngeyure.Iitshaja zenqanaba loku-1zilungele iindawo apho ii-EVs ziya kumiswa ixesha elide, njengeendawo zokusebenza okanye izakhiwo zokuhlala.
NgelixaIzitishi zokutshaja zeNqanaba loku-1azibizi ukuyifaka, ziyacotha kunezinye iinketho, kwaye zisenokungafanelanga iindawo ezinetrafikhi ephezulu apho abanini be-EV bafuna iintlawulo ezikhawulezayo.
2.2 Izitishi zokuTshaja iZithuthi zoMbane zeNqanaba lesi-2
Iitshaja zenqanaba lesi-2zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zeIitshaja ze-EV zentengiso. Basebenza kwisekethe ye-240V kwaye banokuhlawulisa isithuthi sombane 4-6 amaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunokoIitshaja zenqanaba loku-1. Ainqanaba lorhwebo 2 EV tshajainokubonelela ngeemayile eziyi-10-25 zoluhlu ngeyure yokutshaja, kuxhomekeke kwitshaja kunye nomthamo wesithuthi.
Kumashishini akwiindawo apho abathengi banokuthi bahlale ixesha elide—njengamaziko okuthenga, izakhiwo zeofisi, kunye namagumbi okuhlala—Iitshaja zenqanaba lesi-2zisisombululo esisebenzayo nesingabizi kakhulu. Ezi tshaja lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kumashishini afuna ukubonelela ngenkonzo ethembekileyo nekhawulezayo yokutshaja kubanini bee-EV.
2.3 Izitishi zokuTshaja zeNqanaba lesi-3 – iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC
Izitishi zokutshaja zeNqanaba lesi-3, kwaziwa njengeIitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC, zinikezela ngezantya zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo, zizenze zilungele iindawo ezinetrafikhi apho abathengi bafuna ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zikhululo zisebenzisa umthombo wamandla we-480V DC kwaye zinokubiza i-EV ukuya kuma-80% malunga nemizuzu engama-30.
NgelixaIitshaja zenqanaba lesi-3kubiza kakhulu ukufakela kunye nokugcina, ziyimfuneko ekuxhaseni uhambo olude kunye nokubonelela abathengi abafuna intlawulo ekhawulezayo. Iindawo ezifana neendawo zokumisa uhola wendlela, izithili zorhwebo ezixakekileyo, kunye neendawo zokuhamba zilungeleIitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC.
3. IZibonelelo zeSikhululo sokuTshaja iSithuthi soMbane kunye nezaphulelo e-US
E-US, kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkuthazo eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kweizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhwebo. Ezi zivumelwano zinceda ukujongana neendleko eziphezulu zangaphambili kwaye zenze kube lula kumashishini ukuba atyale imali kwiziseko ezingundoqo ze-EV.
3.1 IiKhredithi zeRhafu ze-Federal for Commercial Electric Vehicle Chargers
Amashishini ayafakaIitshaja ze-EV zentengisobanokufaneleka kwiikhredithi zerhafu zomanyano. Ngaphantsi kwezikhokelo ze-federal zangoku, iinkampani zinokufumana ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yeendleko zokufakela, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30,000 yeedola zokufakelwa kwezikhululo zokutshaja kwiindawo zorhwebo. Le inkuthazo inciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wemali wofakelo kwaye ikhuthaza amashishini ukuba amkele iziseko ze-EV.
3.2 IiNkqubo zeFomula yeZibonelelo zoMbane zeSizwe (NEVI).
IIiNkqubo zeFomula yesiSeko soMbane seSizwe soMbane (NEVI).zinika inkxaso-mali yomanyano kumashishini kunye noorhulumente ukuze kufakwe izikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV. Le nkqubo ijolise ekudaleni uthungelwano lwesizwe lweetshaja ezikhawulezayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanini be-EV banokufikelela kwizikhululo zokutshaja ezithembekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Nge-NEVI, amashishini anokufaka isicelo senkxaso-mali ukunceda ukuhlawula iindleko zeUfakelo lwetshaja ye-EV yorhwebo, okwenza kube lula kubo ukuba bafake isandla kwi-EV ecosystem ekhulayo.
4. Iindleko zokuFakela iSikhululo sokuTshaja iSikhululo soMbane soRhwebo
Iindleko zokufakelaizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhwebokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka uhlobo lwetshaja, indawo, kunye neziseko zombane ezikhoyo.
4.1 Izibonelelo zeSikhululo sokuTshaja iSithuthi soMbane soRhwebo
Iziseko ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukuze kufakweIitshaja ze-EV zentengisoidla ngokuba ngowona mba ubiza kakhulu weprojekthi. Amashishini anokufuna ukuphucula iinkqubo zawo zombane, kubandakanywa iziguquli, iziqhekezi zesekethe, kunye neengcingo, ukulungiselela iimfuno zamandla ombane.Inqanaba lesi-2 or Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC. Ukongeza, iipaneli zombane zinokufuna ukuphuculwa ukuze zikwazi ukumelana ne-amperage ephezulu efunekayo kwiitshaja zorhwebo.
4.2 UFakelo lweSikhululo sokuTshaja iSithuthi soMbane
Iindleko zeUfakelo lwetshaja ye-EV yorhwebokubandakanya umsebenzi wokufaka iiyunithi kunye naluphi na ucingo oluyimfuneko. Oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima bendawo yokufakela. Ukufakela iitshaja kuphuhliso olutsha okanye iipropati ezineziseko ezingundoqo esele zikho kunokubiza ngaphantsi kunokuhlaziya izakhiwo ezidala.
4.3 IZikhululo zokuTshaja iZithuthi zoMbane eziNethiwekhi
Iitshaja ezithungelwano zibonelela amashishini ngokukwazi ukujonga ukusetyenziswa, ukulandelela iintlawulo, kunye nokugcina izikhululo zikude. Ngelixa iinkqubo zothungelwano zineendleko eziphezulu zokufakela, zibonelela ngedatha exabisekileyo kunye neenzuzo zokusebenza, zibenza utyalo-mali olufanelekileyo kumashishini ajonge ukubonelela ngamava okuhlawula angenamthungo kubathengi.
5. Izitishi zokuTshaja iZithuthi zoMbane zoRhwebo zikaRhulumente
Ufakelo kunye nokugcinwa kweizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhwebo lukawonke-wonkezifuna ingqwalasela eyodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izikhululo zihlala zisebenza kwaye zifikeleleka kubo bonke abanini bee-EV.
5.1 Ukuhambelana kweSikhululo sokuTshaja sesiThuthi soMbane soRhwebo
Iitshaja ze-EV zorhwebosebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezihlanganisi, kuqukaI-SAE J1772ngenxaIitshaja zenqanaba lesi-2, kwayeCHAdeMO or CCSizihlanganisi zeIitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC. Kubalulekile ukuba amashishini afakeizikhululo zokutshaja isithuthi sombane sorhweboezihambelanayo neziqhagamshelo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-EVs kwindawo yazo.
5.2 Ukugcinwa kweZitishi zokuTshaja iZithuthi zoMbane eziRhwebayo
Ukugcinwa kwesiqhelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni okoizikhululo zokutshaja ze-EVhlala usebenza kwaye uthembekile. Oku kubandakanya uhlaziyo lwesoftware, uhlolo lwehardware, kunye nemiba yokusombulula iingxaki ezifana nokucima kombane okanye iingxaki zoqhagamshelwano. Amashishini amaninzi akhetha iikhontrakthi zenkonzo ukuze aqinisekise ukuba aboIitshaja ze-EV zentengisozigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ziqhubeka nokubonelela ngenkonzo ethembekileyo kubathengi.
Njengoko izithuthi zombane ziqhubeka nokufumana ukuthandwa, imfuno yeizikhululo zokutshaja ze-EVkulindeleke ukuba inyuke kuphela. Ngokukhetha ngononophelo indawo efanelekileyo, uhlobo lwetshaja, kunye namaqabane ofakelo, amashishini anokwenza imali kwimfuno ekhulayo yeziseko zophuhliso ze-EV. Iinkuthazo ezifana neekhredithi zerhafu zomanyano kunye nenkqubo ye-NEVI yenza inguqu ukuyaIitshaja ze-EV zentengisoifikeleleka ngakumbi, ngelixa ulondolozo oluqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwakho luhlala lusebenza iminyaka ezayo.
Nokuba ujonge ukufakainqanaba lorhwebo 2 iitshaja EVkwindawo yakho yokusebenza okanye inethiwekhi yeIitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DCkwindawo yeevenkile, ukutyala imali kuyoizikhululo zokutshaja ze-EVlukhetho olulumkileyo kumashishini afuna ukuhlala phambi kwegophe. Ngolwazi oluchanekileyo kunye nokucwangcisa, unokwenza isiseko sokutshaja esingafezekisi kuphela iimfuno zanamhlanje kodwa sikwalungiselelwe i-EV revolution yangomso.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-03-2024